Biology 124 Biological Oceanography
Online Project

TOOLS OF THE OCEANOGRAPHER: Equipment: Measuring tools

B.  Taking Measurements of the Marine Environment
1. Temperature
• Standard Thermometer
• Bucket Thermometer
• Reversing Thermometer (for Nansen Bottle)
• Bathythermograph (BT)
2. Salinity
• Hydrometer (quick test type for aquariums)
• Hydrometer Set
• Chemical Test Kit (Knudsen)
• Salinometer
3. Oxygen
• Chemical Test Kit (Winkler Titration)
• Dissolved Oxygen Probe
4. pH
• pH test strips
• Chemical Test Kit
• pH meter
5. Visibility & Color
• Secchi Disk (used by itself)
• Forel/Ule Scale (used with the Secchi disk)
6. Other
• There are chemical tests for numerous dissolved substances including Carbon Dioxide, Nitrogen, Phosphates, Ammonia, Lead, Copper and Manganese
7. Depth & Profile
• Sounder (lead line)
• Fathometer
•Surveying Equipment
8. Currents
• Current Meter
• Dye
• Drogues
• Drift Bottles
• Drift Cards

1.  Temperature  
Standard Thermometer to top of page
Standard Thermometer
Measures: Temperature in degrees
Operates: At any depth by cable or line or by hand
Notes: Mercury has been replaced in many standard thermometers by less toxic materials

Bucket Thermometer to top of page
Bucket Thermometer
Measures: Temperature in degrees
Operates: At the surface by hand or line
Notes: An easy way to get a quick surface sea temperature from a big vessel when you are unable to reach the water

Reversing Thermometer (for Nansen Bottle) to top of page
Reversing Thermometer
Measures: Temperature in degrees
Operates: Only when turned 180 degrees (the mercury breaks in the special loop and will not get back together until reset thus, temperature at depth can be recorded with a 180 degree flip (as is done with the Nansen Bottle) and there will be no change on the way up.
Notes: Each thermometer is about $400 now however, instant read out temperature sensors are most often used to determine temperature at depth

Bathythermograph (BT) to top of page
Bathythermograph
Measures: Water
Operates: Over any depth with a cable or line by hand or with a hydraulic winch
Notes: This model records the information inside and is retrieved however there are expendable models (XBTs) that free fall on a copper line and transmit the temperature and depth information through the copper wire before dropping to the bottom


 
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