| TOOLS OF THE OCEANOGRAPHER: Equipment |
| Studies in oceanography are
no better than the equipment used, the sampling technique, and the technician
him/herself. In order to gather data in the oceans, many specialized pieces
of equipment have been designed and used by oceanographers. Some are very
accurate and dependable and others are not. Some are very simple and some
are quite complex.
Many of the most common pieces of equipment, used by oceanographers all over the world, are pictured in this lab. Study the image of each piece and read about it. Become familiar with its name and what it samples or measures. We will be using much of this equipment in subsequent labs where you will learn to operate it first-hand and gather data. By the end of the course you will be very familiar with these standard pieces of oceanographic equipment, what they sample or measure, what the sample looks like or what an average measurement is, and what oceanographers do with the sample and/or data that is obtained. This is the crux of oceanography. This online lab exercise provides an overview and introduction to oceanographic
equipment. The overview, when combined with the rest of the “hands
on” labs, during the semester, will give you a comprehensive introduction
to actually being an oceanographer in the field. |
Commonly
used Oceanographic Tools: an overview |
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| Online
Project Part One I. Equipment to sample and measure the marine environment |
|
| A. Taking Samples of the Marine Environment | |
| 1.
Water Samplers • Van Dorn Bottle • Nansen Bottle • Niskin Bottle • JZ Bacterialogical Bottle • Surface Sample Bottle |
2.
Messengers Most of the water samplers can be sent to a particular depth and then "triggered" to take the water sample by a "messenger". This is also the case with several other types of samplers (bottom, organism). |
| 3.
Bottom Samplers • Ekman Grab • Petersen Grab • Soft Bottom Modified Petersen Grab • Wash Bucket • Bottom Corer |
4.
Animal and Plant Samplers • Plankton: Standard Plankton Net, Deck Plankton Collector, Folsom Plankton Splitter, Sedgewick-Rafter Plankton Counting Chamber • Succession Plates • Transects • Quadrants • Biological Dredge • Beach Seine • Otter Trawl • Isaacs-Kidd Midwater Trawl |
| B. Taking Measurements of the Marine Environment | |
| 1.
Temperature • Standard Thermometer • Bucket Thermometer • Reversing Thermometer (for Nansen Bottle) • Bathythermograph (BT) |
2.
Salinity • Hydrometer (quick test type for aquariums) • Hydrometer Set • Chemical Test Kit (Knudsen) • Salinometer |
| 3.
Oxygen • Chemical Test Kit (Winkler Titration) • Dissolved Oxygen Probe |
4.
pH • pH test strips • Chemical Test Kit • pH meter |
| 5.
Visibility & Color • Secchi Disk (used by itself) • Forel/Ule Scale (used with the Secchi disk) |
6.
Other • There are chemical tests for numerous dissolved substances including Carbon Dioxide, Nitrogen, Phosphates, Ammonia, Lead, Copper and Manganese |
| 7.
Depth & Profile • Sounder (lead line) • Fathometer •Surveying Equipment |
8.
Currents • Current Meter • Dye • Drogues • Drift Bottles • Drift Cards |
| C. Seeing Things Better | |
| • Dissecting Microscope | • Compound Microscope |
| • Electron Microscope | • Telescope |
| • Satellite | • GPS and Compass |
| Online Project Part One Quiz: Oceanographic Tools |
| Online
Project Part Two II. Maps |
|
| A. Maps | |
| 1. Map Projections • Mercator Projection • Polar Projection • Sinusoidal Projection |
2: Orientation |
| 3: Topographic Maps | 4: Hydrographic Maps |
| Online Project Part Two Quiz: Maps |
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