Review Outline for Final Exam, Spring 2008

200 questions (100 = Review, 100 = New), bring two Scan Trons and a pencil.

Along with this outline study your Lecture Notes (since the last midterm), Vertebrate ID Lab, and two Lecture Quizes (since the last midterm - quiz 6 = Marine Plants, quiz 7 = Urochordates/Chondrichthys).
You need to review both midterm 1 and midterm 2 for the review part of the lecture final (50 questions from each midterm will be on the review part of your final exam).

Five Kingdom system recognized but most visible marine critters are in the Kingdom Animalia (multicellular consumers) or Kingdom Plantae (multicellular producers). New ideas of classification have moved the algae (many species multicellular) to the Kingdom Protoctista.

I. MARINE PLANTS - Kingdom Plantae (we'll stick with the old system)
    A. Definition of Terms:
      1. Seaweeds: all marine plants
      2. Algae: greens, reds, browns; all cells similar; no conducting tissue (non vascular)
      3. Kelp: large (3 feet or more), algae, growing in groups (forests, beds)
    B. Groups of large (macro) marine plants: (using old classification system)
      1. Kingdom Plantae (old system)
        a. Phylum Chlorophyta: (green algae)
        b. Phylum Rhodophyta: (red algae)
          used commercially for agar and carrageenan
        c. Phylum Phaeophyta: (brown algae)
          used commercially for algin
        d. Phylum Anthophyta: (higher plants with conducting tissue)
          i. eel grass and surf grass in marine environment here
          ii. only "higher" plants in oceans, flowers
          iii. occur in beds in low tide and shallow subtidal
    C. Algae (general for all marine Chlorophyta, Phaeophyta and Rhodophyta)
      1. Algal body form = (many variations in the 100+ species living in CA.)
        a. Holdfast (attachment only) = 'root-like'
          i. simplest = discoid
          ii. most complex = hapteroid
        b. stipe(s) = 'stem-like'
        c. frond(s) = 'leaf-like'
          (frond may be made of blade and pneumatocysts)
      2. Feeding: photosynthesis
      3. Complicated life cycle of algae (alternation of generations)
        a. body form (one type called sporophyte) produces spores (planktonic)
        b. spores settle, grow into another body form (another type called gametophyte)
        c. this second type of body form produces eggs and sperm (planktonic)
        d. fertilization, zygote develops as embryo (planktonic)
        e. embryo settles and grows into first type of thallus (spore producing)
        f. Growth meristems (area of acitvely dividing cells)
          i. all over (example = sea lettuce)
          ii. apical (example = bladder kelp)
          iii. line (example = feather-boa kelp)
      4. Uses of marine algae
        a. Direct Consumption = Food (especially nori)
        b. Chemicals (most important use as vegetable gums in food, etc.)
          i. Agar - from red algae
          ii. Algin - from brown algae (our bladder kelp is main source)
          iii. Carrageenan - from red algae
        c. Other (animal feed, mulch, kelp pills for minerals like iodine)
    D. Seagrasses have a flowering plant life cycle
      1. Body form
        a. basal meristems produce leaves (oldest part at tip)
        b. roots attach seagrass plants
        c. rhizomes grow along surface and establish new plants
        d. seagrasses grow in "beds" (clones)
      2. Feeding - photosynthesis
      3. Reproduction
        a. Plants are separate sexed
        b. Male plant "flower" has many stamens
          - each stamen has an anther on a filament
          - anther produces pollen that is shed into the water
        c. Female plant "flower" has many carpels
          - each carpel has ovary, style and stigma
          - ovary contains egg(s)
        d. Pollen attaches to stigma (pollination) when eggs are ripe and grows pollen tube to egg
        e. Sperm (in pollen) travels down tube to fertilize egg
        f. Ovary grows as fertilized egg (zygote) develops into seed
        g. Seed is shed to be carried by currents and, if conditions are right, to settle and grow into a new marine flowering plant with basal meristems


II. Chordates (two possible classification ways - we'll stick with the old way)
    A. General Characteristics: present at some time during life cycle
      1. Dorsal, hollow nerve cord
      2. Notochord
      3. Gill slits in neck
    B. Urochordates = Phylum Chordata, Subphylum Urochordata
      1. Relation to other chordates seen only in larvae
        a. Tadpole larvae with dorsal, hollow nerve cord, notochord, gill slits in neck
        b. Adults encased in "tunic"; some called tunicates
      2. Basic body form ("filter bag")
        a. Incurrent siphon brings water into large pharynx (area in back of throat)
        b. Water passes through pores in pharynx (like a plankton net)
        c. Plankton filtered out and passed down gut
        d. Water in space in body
        e. Water pumped out excurrent siphon (near anus)
      3. Feeding = filter feeders
      4. Reproduction
        a. Mostly hermaphroditic; but not self-fertilizing
        b. Most are broadcast spawners (reproductive organs empty by anus)
        c. Fertilization in water (external)
        d. Zygote develops to planktonic tadpole larvae
        e. Sink, swim
        f. Metamorphosis - loss of all external chordate characteristics and development to a "filter bag" in most species
        g. Many species also have asexual reproduction to form clones
      5. Three major common groups (Classes)
        a. Benthic sea squirts, tunicates (benthic filter feeders)
          (1) Solitary: separate individuals
          (2) Colonial: separate individuals from asexual reproduction (clone) packed close together may be connected at base but don't share food (also called social tunicates)
          (3) Compound colonial: many tiny individuals under same tunic (rubbery to feel) all from asexual reproduction (clone)
        b. Planktonic sea squirts, tunicates, salps, (planktonic filter feeders)
          (1) Holoplanktonic
          (2) Incurrent and excurrent siphons at opposite ends of the body
          (3) Muscular contractions and ciliary currents move water through body for locomotion and filter feeding
          (4) Asexual budding may produce long chains (clone)
        c. Larvaceans (stay as tadpole form)
          (1) Holoplanktonic (most are very small, under 1/8 inch), tadpole-like
          (2) Produce mucus bubble (house) several times a day as their filter bag
    C. Vertebrates (Phylum Chordata, Subphylum Vertebrata)
      1. Class Agnatha: hagfish and lampreys (eel-like but not real eels)
        a. jawless
        b. no scales but tough skin used as "eel skin"
        c. mouth with sucking disk and rasping teeth (enter dead prey and eat inside meat ... ugh)
        d. Cartilagenous skeleton
        e. Gills in openings on side (pairs of pits)
        f. Separate sexed, external fertilization, benthic egg cases, development to mini adult
      2. Class Chondricthys: sharks and rays
        a. General Characteristics
          (1) Jaws lined with rows of replaceable teeth (modified placoid scales)
          (2) Skin covered with placoid scales (each non overlapping scale with a bump or thorn) and mucus
          (3) Breathe by passing water in through mouth and/or spiracle (behind eye) and over gills and out 5-7 paired gill slits
          (4) Cartilagenous skeleton
          (5) No air bladder so they sink when not swimming
          (6) Senses of sight, smell well developed with Ampullae of Lorenzeni for electrical sensing
          (7) Ampullae of Lorenzeni = specialized electrical sensing organs near mouth
          (8) Separate sexed; internal fertilization (claspers in males on inside of paired pelvic fins used in mating)
          (9) Young born:
            a. live, zygote with yolk in membrane retained by female but no nourishment (most common)
            b. in egg case (zygote with yolk and membrane) and development outside female (= mermaid's purse) like our local puffer (swell) shark and horn shark
            c. live, zygote with yolk in membrane retained and provided nourishment by female more than the calories of yolk (unique uncommon examples)
        b. Sharks (most torpedo shaped)
          (1) Subterminal mouth, most with sharp teeth
          (2) Gill slits on side of body (5-7)
          (3) Distinct pectoral fins
          (4) Feeding: most carnivorous (few are filter feeders with "gill rakers" on gills)
          (5) Largest sharks are the Whale Shark and Basking Shark, both plankton eaters
          (6) Largest carnivorous fish is the Great White Shark
          (7) Great sensory powers: can detect minute electrical currents with Ampullae of Lorenzeni
          (8) Most species not dangerous to man and have semi predictable feeding behavior (exception = Great White Shark)
            - circle
            - may bump
            - rush in for a bite (pointed teeth hold, triangular teeth saw)
            - shake head back and forth to saw bite (eye protected)
            - jaws may protrude in front of mouth (not part of upper skull)
            - feeding frenzy may occur and animals bite anything, including themselves
        c. Rays and Skates (most dorso-ventrally flat)
          (1) Ventral mouth, most with flat teeth
          (2) Gill slits (5-7) on bottom
          (3) Pectoral fins connected to head (no neck)
          (4) Most are bottom dwellers
          (5) Few are filter feeders, most are carnivorous and feed on slow/non moving benthic invertebrates
          (6) Few species have a stinger (barb) somewhere on tail (species specific) used in defense, few species have electricity (used to stun prey for feeding and in defense)
      3. Class Osteichthys; bony fish
        a. Bony skeleton
        b. Jaws and teeth
        c. Scales on skin (usually flat, overlapping) covered with mucus
        d. Gills covered with bony operculum (one gill slit on each side); to breathe, water goes in mouth, over gills, out gill slit on each side
        e. Fins supported with spines and/or soft rays
          (1) Midline fins
            i. Dorsal (first and second fins may be continuous or contiguous)
            ii. Caudal (square, indented, forked, double truncate, rounded)
            iii. Anal
          (2) Paired fins
            i. Pelvic
            ii. Pectoral
        f. Many feeding types with mouth that may be terminal, projecting, overhanging or tubular
          (1) Filter feeders
          (2) Herbivores
          (3) Carnivores
          (4) Omnivores
        h. Many reproductive modes but most are separate sexed, external fertilization (few with internal fertilization), and lay eggs, development is to mini adult (no MPL but babies may be planktonic)
        Grunion fish come ashore in our area, at night during high tide of a spring tide sequesnce in late spring and early summer, to lay eggs in sand at high tide - males release sperm laden milt in sand as females deposit eggs under sand - development in sand until next spring tides wash out eggs (9 days - 2 weeks) and babies hatch with swirling water.
        i. Variations in body form used to determine species
          - tail shape (square, indented, forked, double truncate, pointed, naked)
          - mouth (terminal, overhanging, projecting, tubular)
          - continuous or contiguous dorsal fins
          - front view (torpedo, laterally flat, dorso-ventrally flat)
          - side view (regular, elongated, shortened)
        j. Types of fish to know
          a. rockfish - five preopercular spines
          b. flatfish - live on side, bottom eye moves to top, laterally flat, rest on bottom
          c. pipefish - elongated, tubular mouth
          d. goby - pelvic fins joined in front and back like rosette
          e. kelpfish - elongated, long continuous dorsal fin, forward small pelvic fins used as a tripod-like support
      4. Class Mammalia: seals, sea lions, whales, sea otters
        a. General
          (1) Most with hair
          (2) Nurse young
          (3) Air breathers
        b. Three major groups of marine mammals found in California
          (1) Pinnipedia: seals, sea lions
            a. Ears may or may not have outside flap
            b. Forelimbs present as front flippers
            c. Hind limbs present as rear flippers
            d. Fat under fur for insulation from cold
            e. Nostrils on end of nose (dog-like head)
            f. Two major groups:
              i. True seals: - no external ear flap
                - cannot bring hind limbs forward to walk on land
                - foreflippers with nails at end
              ii. Sea lions: - with external ear flap (pinna)
                - can bring hind limbs forward to walk on land
                - foreflippers webbed, nails reduced
                - generally the trained seals of a circus are sea lions
            g. Reproduction in many species occurs in rookeries (seasonal) on land, lasting about 2-3 months
              i. Males come ashore and fight for territories on beach (stay about 2 months without feeding to hold their territory and mate)
              ii. Females come ashore and sort out into harems
              iii. Females give birth if pregnant or mate if not pregnant, mating occurs within harems
              iv. When young are ready to be weaned, adults leave rookery and then the young leave
              v. "Weaners" left until they get hungry and then they leave too
          (2) Cetacea: dolphins, porpoises, whales
            (a) Ears without external flap
            (b) Forelimbs present as front flippers
            (c) Hind limbs not present, tail (flukes) has no bones
            (d) Thick layer of blubber for insulation from cold, no fur (hair as eyelashes)
            (e) Nostrils on top of head as blowhole (do not have to lift head out of water to breathe)
            (f) Two major groups:
              i. Toothed whales: dolphins, porpoises, sperm whales and killer whales
                - feed on squid and fish with impaling teeth ( no molars)
                - one blowhole
              ii. Baleen whales: gray, humpback, blue
                - feed on large zooplankton with baleen plates as filtering mechanisms
                - two blowholes
            (g) Reproduction
              i. Usually seasonal
              ii. Many migrate between polar feeding and tropical breeding grounds
            (h) Grey Whale (most common baleen whale in our area during winter)
              i. Feed on zooplankton near Alaska in summer
              ii. Migrate south in fall in small groups
              iii. Breed and give birth in lagoons in Baja Calif. in winter
              iv. Migrate north in spring
              vi. Have barnacles unique to their skin (this species not found anywhere else
                -filter feeders, like all barnacles
                -hermaphroditic, mate, like all barnacles -benthic (get a ride from the whale but they are on the whale skin)
              vii. Have lice (small crustaceans)
                -scavengers (like most crustaceans) that clean up flaking skin from barnacles
                -benthic (on the whale skin)
          (3) Carnivora: sea otters
            (a) No fat; relies totally on SUPER fur for insulation
            (b) Hunted by man to near extinction in early 1900's
            (c) Making a comeback now, population covers most of central California
            (d) Feeds on benthic shellfish in relatively shallow water (up to 30-50 feet)
            (e) Uses a tool (rock to crack shellfish)


    ALL MARINE MAMMALS ARE FULLY PROTECTED BY THE UNITED STATES FEDERAL GOVERNMENT but, in each community there is someone or some group (usually museums) who has a permit to help a sick or wounded animal or to pick up a dead animal so that the bones can be used. In Santa Barbara it is the Marine Mammal Rehabilitation Center (live animals) or the Museum of Natural History (dead animals). If you come across a sick or wounded marine mammal do not try to care for it, call the Marine Mammal Center or the Museum of Natural History. The telephone number of the Santa Barbara Marine Mammals Center is is in the white pages of the phone book and is 687-3255.

    ALL INTERTIDAL MARINE INVERTEBRATES ARE FULLY PROTECTED BY CALIFORNIA STATE LAWS. You may not take any animal from the intertidal area without a permit. A fishing license can be used for food items but other animals (like starfish) can be taken only with a scientific collecting permit. You may purchase a fishing license from dive shops and sporting goods stores. Be sure to read the regulations about season and size for any species that you take.

© 2001 Genny Anderson
(Revised 15 May 2008)		 Back Top Forward