BMS107 Chapter 28 Outline
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FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
  1. ovaries
    • each ovary is secured by the broad ligament, ovarian ligament, etc.
      • broad ligament - "drape" of peritoneum that hangs over much of female system
    • ovarian follicles
      • within cortex of ovary
      • consist of an oocyte surrounded follicle cells (granulosa cells), which secrete estrogen and progesterone
      • stages of development of follicle
        1. primordial follicles (present at birth)
        2. primary follicles - appear at puberty
        3. secondary follicles - contain fluid-filled space (antrum)
        4. vesicular follicles - "mature follicles"- contains secondary oocyte
          ovulation - vesicular follicle ruptures and expels oocyte
        5. corpus luteum - remnants of follicle (secretes hormones)
        6. corpus albicans - white "scar" (is resorbed)

  2. uterine tubes
    • covered and suspended by mesosalpinx (part of broad ligament)
    • wall consists of mucosa (with ciliated columnar epithelium), muscularis, and serosa
    • segments of uterine tube
      1. infundibulum - lateral, funnel-shaped, has fimbriae
      2. ampulla - expanded region medial to infundibulum; normal site of fertilization
      3. isthmus
      4. uterine part (intramural segment) - within wall of uterus

  3. uterus
    • normally angled anteriorly and superiorly across superior surface of bladder ("anteverted")
    • support - pelvic diaphragm & ligaments (many within broad ligament)
    • major regions - fundus, body, isthmus, cervix
    • wall of uterus - three tunics
      1. perimetrium (continuous with broad ligament)
        • "pouches" - vesicouterine pouch, rectouterine pouch
      2. myometrium - three intertwining layers of smooth muscle
      3. endometrium - mucosa and lamina propria, which contains uterine glands
        • basal layer (stratum basalis) - is permanent
        • functional layer (stratum functionalis) - grows from basal layer under influence of hormones, shed as menses

  4. vagina
    • fibromuscular tube
    • three tunics
      • mucosa (stratified squamous epithelium / acidic secretion)
      • muscularis (smooth muscle) - inner circular layer + outer longitudinal layer (continuous with myometrium)
      • adventitia

  5. vulva (pudendum)
    • external genitalia of female
    • includes vestibule (potential space between labia minora); greater vestibular glands produce mucus
    • (perineum - present in M&F; includes "urogenital triangle" and "anal triangle"

  6. mammary glands
    • lobes / lobules / alveoli (produce milk)
    • lactiferous duct - drains milk from a single lobe
    • lactiferous sinuses - store milk prior to release
MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
  1. testes
    • capsule projects internally and subdivide internal space into lobules
    • each lobule contains up to four seminiferous tubules that continuously produce sperm cells
    • interstitial cells - in spaces surrounding tubules, produce androgens (testosterone, etc.)

  2. scrotum
    • provides ideal temperature for sperm (gonads originate near level of vertebra T10)
    • throughout prenatal development, testes descend to developing scrotum
      • gubernaculum - attached to testis & scrotum
      • inguinal canal - passageway in inferior abdominal wall
      • spermatic cord - contains ductus deferens, vessels, nerves, muscle

  3. ducts
    1. rete testis, efferent ductules - within testis
    2. epididymis - stores sperm until they mature
    3. ductus deferens (vas deferens) - partially within spermatic cord; passes through inguinal canal and within pelvic cavity
      • muscularis is necessary to move sperm
      • ampulla unites with seminal vesicle to form ejaculatory duct
    4. ejaculatory duct - conducts sperm and seminal fluid
    5. urethra

  4. accessory glands (produce seminal fluid)
    • seminal vesicles - secrete viscous, alkaline fluid containing fructose
    • prostate gland - secretes sperm nutrient, antibiotic, and prostate-specific antigen (enzyme)
    • bulbourethral glands - produce mucus

  5. penis
    • root, body, glans
    • root has crus (attached to pelvis) and bulb (surrounded by bulbospongiosus muscle)
    • erectile bodies - corpora cavernosa (2), corpus spongiosum (1)
    • erection: parasympathetic innervation >>> blood fills venous spaces
    • ejaculation: sympathetic innervation >>> bulbospongiosus muscle ejects semen (pp. 346-348 in 2nd. ed.)
Chapter 28 Practice Questions at Publisher's Web Site
Simple Multiple Choice - 1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 10, 11, 12, 13, 15, 17, 18, 20, 21, 22, 23 (correct answer is B), 24, 25, 27, 28, 29
Difficult Multiple Choice - 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9, 13, 16, 19, 21, 25
Challenge Yourself - 1, 2, 4, 5, 7, 8, 9
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Fall 2008