BMS107 Chapter 14 Outline & Study Questions for McKinley & O'Laughlin
Outlines | Home
ORGANIZATION OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM
  1. Structural Organization
    • central nervous system (CNS) - brain and spinal cord
    • peripheral nervous system (PNS) - cranial nerves and spinal nerves

  2. Functional Organization (Note: action potential = rapid movement of electrical charge along plasma membrane of neuron; is one type of "nerve impulse" or "nerve signal.")
    • sensory division - conveys APs from receptors to CNS
      • receptors = structures that detect stimuli
      • sensory (afferent) neurons - conduct APs from receptors to CNS
      • What are "somatic senses?" What are "visceral senses?"
    • motor division
      • motor (efferent) neurons - conduct APs from CNS to effectors (muscles or glands)
      • components of motor division
        1. somatic motor component - conducts APs to skeletal muscles
        2. autonomic motor component - innervates smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands
    • interneurons (association neurons) - lie entirely within CNS; function is integration (including association)
CYTOLOGY OF NERVOUS TISSUE
  1. Neurons
    • are excitable cells
    • have high metabolic rate, depend on continuous and abundant supply of glucose and oxygen
    • nonmitotic
    • have extreme longevity
    • generalized neuron
      1. cell body (soma) with nucleus
      2. processes
        1. dendrites - relay impulses toward cell body
        2. axon - conducts APs away from cell body
      3. Give the standard "shorthand" symbol for a neuron.
    • synapse = specialized junction between two excitable cells where a nerve impulse is transmitted
    • structural classification (based on number of processes attached to cell body)
      • unipolar (Functionally, most are _?_.)
      • bipolar (What are some locations of bipolar neurons?)
      • multipolar (Includes motor neurons and _?_.)

  2. Glial Cells
    1. four types of glial cells in CNS
      1. astrocytes
        • astrocyte "feet" wrap completely around capillaries in brain, forming blood-brain barrier
        • BBB strictly controls passages of substances from blood to neurons
      2. oligodendrocytes - produce myelin sheaths
      3. ependymal cells - line ventricles of brain; assist in production of cerebrospinal fluid
      4. microglia - remove pathogens, debris, etc.
    2. two types of glial cells in PNS
      1. neurolemmocytes - produce myelin sheaths
      2. satellite cells - separate cell bodies from interstitial fluid; regulate exchanges
MYELINATION OF AXONS
  1. Myelination
    1. glial cell wraps around a portion of an axon forming layers
    2. myelin sheath = overlapping inner layers
    3. In its appearance, myelin is... (?)
    4. neurofibril nodes - small spaces between adjacent oligodendrocytes or neurolemmocytes
    5. action potential "jumps" from node to node
      • What are two advantages of myelinated axons?
    6. white matter is specialized to conduct large numbers of APs very rapidly
    7. gray matter = neuron cell bodies, dendrites, etc. (little or no myelin)
    8. neurological terms (fill in the blanks):

    white matter
    gray matter
    in CNS
    		. .
    in PNS
    		. .
NERVES
  1. a nerve is a bundle of many parallel axons
    • What is a "nerve fiber?"
  2. wrappings - epineurium, perineurium, endoneurium
Chapter 14 Questions
    In Textbook, Second Edition
  • What Did You Learn? - 1, 2, 3, 4, 8, 10
  • What Do You Think? - 1, 2, 3
  • Matching - 1, 2, 3, 7, 8, 10
  • Multiple Choice - 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 10
  • Content Review - 1, 2, 3
At Publisher's Web Site Simple Multiple Choice - 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 22, 23, 24, 25, 27, 28, 29, 30
Difficult Multiple Choice - 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 11, 12, 13, 14, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24
Challenge Yourself - 1-10 (all)
Outlines | Home
spring 2009