1. Note the lungs represented as two brownish spheres, and the diaphragm below them.
2. Click Start and allow the lungs to "breathe" for one minute. Note the oscillations in the graph which shows lung volume, in Liters, as a function of time.
3. Click Record Data.
4. The "T.V." is the tidal volume, or volume of air moved in one breath, in milliliters. Note the numerical value of the T.V. in milliliters.
   Question #1: Complete the sentence: The "flow" after one minute is approximately equal to the T.V. multiplied by the _?_.

   Click Clear Tracings and Clear Table.

   Click Start, then after a few breaths, click ERV (Expiratory Reserve Volume), which causes the subject to exhale as much air as possible.

   Click Stop while the lungs are still breathing and then click Record Data.

   Question #2: Was all air exhaled from the lungs? If not, what term refers to the amount of air left in the lungs after the ERV? Choose one.

   1. I.R.V. (Inspiratory Reserve Volume)
   2. R.V. (Residual Volume)
   3. V.C. (Vital Capacity)
   4. F.E.V.₁ (Forced Expiratory Volume in one second)

   Click Clear Tracings and Clear Table.

   Click Start then click FVC, which causes the lungs to fill as fully as possible and exhale as much as possible. When the lungs are finished exhaling, click Stop and Record Data.

   Change the Radius of the airway to 3.00 mm., which simulates an obstructive pulmonary disorder such as asthma. Click Start, and take another FVC measurement by clicking FVC, Stop, and Record Data.

   Question #3: The V.C. (vital capacity) is the total amount of air exhaled after filling the lungs. What is the numerical value of the V.C., in milliliters, when the airway radius is 5.00 mm? What is the numerical value of the V.C. when the airway radius is 3.00 mm?

   The F.E.V.₁ (Forced Expiratory Volume in one second) is the amount of air exhaled in one second after filling the lungs, and is generally considered the single best indicator of pulmonary health.

   Question #4: What is the numerical value of the F.E.V.₁, in milliliters, when the airway radius is 5.00 mm.? What is the numerical value of the F.E.V.₁ when the airway radius is 3.00 mm.?

1. "Surfactant" is a chemical substance secreted into the lungs that makes them more compliant ("inflatable").
2. Click Start and allow the lungs to breath for one minute, then click Stop and Record Data.
3. Note the Pressure and the Flow in the right lung prior to adding surfactant.
4. Click the Surfactant button until all of the surfactant has entered the lungs.
5. Click Start and allow the lungs to breath for one minute, then click Stop and Record Data.
6. Note the Pressure and the Flow in the right lung after adding surfactant.
   Question #5: True or false - surfactant permits greater air flow without increasing the pressure required to breath.

   Click the Valve Open button on the left, which represents a chest injury that creates an opening on the left side of the chest wall.

   Question #6: What happens to the left lung when there is an opening in the chest wall on the left? Is the right lung also affected? (Click the valve button again and click "Reset" to repeat if necessary.)

   Click Start and watch the lungs for a few seconds.

   Question #7: Can the "collapsed" lung breathe? Can the other lung breathe?

1. Click Normal Breathing then click Start. Allow the lungs to breathe for one minute, then click Record Data. The carbon dioxide (CO₂) level in the blood is expressed as PCO₂, which means "pressure of CO₂."
2. Click Start then immediately click Rapid Breathing. Allow the lungs to breathe for one minute then click Record Data.
3. Click Start then immediately click Breath Holding. Allow the lungs to breathe for one minute then click Record Data.
4. Respiration removes carbon dioxide (CO₂) from the blood. Normally, the respiratory rate is subconsciously controlled so that breathing removes CO₂ at the same rate it is produced. High PCO₂ causes body fluids to become more acidic than normal, and may lead to loss of consciousness and death ("acidosis"). Low PCO₂ causes body fluids to become more alkaline (basic) than normal, and may lead to neuromuscular hyperexcitability ("alkalosis").
   Question #8: State the PCO₂ after one minute under each of the following conditions:

   1. Normal Breathing
   2. Rapid Breathing
   3. Breath Holding
   Question #9: Hyperventilation may cause dizziness by inducing a mild state of (choose one)

   1. acidosis (body fluids more acidic than normal)
   2. alkalosis (body fluids more alkaline than normal)
   Question #10: Inability to breathe normally, due to excessive fluid in the lungs for instance,

   1. acidosis (body fluids more acidic than normal)
   2. alkalosis (body fluids more alkaline than normal)

• Go into your e mail software and create a new message.
• In the subject line, put one of the following:
  • Mbms100resp if you are enrolled in the Monday lab
  • Wbms100resp if you are enrolled in the Wednesday lab
  • THbms100resp if you are enrolled in the Thursday lab
• Copy the following list of questions and paste it into the body of the e mail message.
• Type in your answers to the questions.
• Send the e mail to connell@sbcc.edu and send a Cc to yourself as a "receipt."

Your full name and lab section:
1. Complete the sentence: The "flow" after one minute is approximately equal to 
	the T.V. multiplied by the _?_.
2. Was all air exhaled from the lungs? If not, what term refers to the amount of air left in the lungs after the ERV?
3. The V.C. (vital capacity) is the total amount of air exhaled after filling the lungs.
	What is the numerical value of the V.C., in milliliters...
	a. when the airway radius is 5.00 mm.?
	b. when the airway radius is 3.00 mm.?
4. What is the numerical value of the F.E.V.1, in milliliters...
	a. when the airway radius is 5.00 mm.?
	b. when the airway radius is 3.00 mm.?
5. True or false - surfactant permits greater air flow without increasing
	the pressure required to breath.
6. What happens to the left lung when there is an opening in the chest wall on the left?
	Is the right lung also affected?
7. Can the "collapsed" lung breathe? Can the other lung breathe?
8. State the PCO2 after one minute under each of the following conditions:
	a. Normal Breathing
	b. Rapid Breathing
	c. Breath Holding
9. Hyperventilation may cause dizziness by inducing a mild state of (choose one)
	a. acidosis (body fluids more acidic than normal)
	b. alkalosis (body fluids more alkaline than normal)
10 Inability to breathe normally, due to excessive fluid in the lungs for instance, 
	may cause a state of (choose one)
	a. acidosis (body fluids more acidic than normal)
	b. alkalosis (body fluids more alkaline than normal)